CAB in CPR stands for Compressions, Airways, Breathing. This is the current standard sequence for adult CPR recommended by the American Heart Association (AHA) and other leading resuscitation councils worldwide. It represents a shift from the older ABC (Airway, Breathing, Compressions) method. Let's delve deeper into why this change occurred and what each element entails.
Why the Shift from ABC to CAB?
The change from ABC to CAB reflects a crucial understanding of cardiac arrest. Early, effective chest compressions are paramount in maintaining blood flow to the brain and heart, increasing the chances of survival. Delaying compressions to initially check the airway and breathing can significantly reduce the likelihood of successful resuscitation. By prioritizing compressions, rescuers maximize the delivery of oxygenated blood throughout the body.
Understanding Each Element of CAB:
Compressions: The Most Critical Step
- What it involves: Chest compressions are forceful, rhythmic pushes on the center of the chest to artificially circulate blood. The correct depth, rate, and hand placement are crucial for effectiveness.
- Why it's first: The primary goal in cardiac arrest is to restore blood flow to the vital organs. Chest compressions are the most effective way to achieve this immediately. By starting compressions first, precious time isn't wasted on assessing the airway and breathing before initiating circulation.
- Key considerations: Proper hand placement, compression depth (at least 2 inches for adults), and a rate of 100-120 compressions per minute are essential for successful compressions.
Airways: Opening and Maintaining a Clear Passage
- What it involves: Once compressions have begun, checking and opening the airway becomes the next priority. This typically involves performing a head-tilt-chin-lift maneuver to ensure the airway is not obstructed by the tongue or other objects.
- Why it's second: After initiating circulation, ensuring a clear airway allows for the delivery of oxygen to the lungs and into the bloodstream, further supporting the body’s resuscitation. A blocked airway prevents effective breathing, even if the heart is being compressed effectively.
- Key considerations: Be gentle but firm to avoid causing injury. If there's a suspected neck injury, use the jaw thrust maneuver instead of a head-tilt-chin-lift.
Breathing: Providing Artificial Respiration
- What it involves: Once the airway is clear, rescue breaths are administered to deliver oxygen to the lungs. For adult CPR, this typically involves two rescue breaths after every 30 chest compressions.
- Why it's third: While breathing is essential, the immediate priority is restoring blood flow. Delivering oxygen after the heart has started to circulate blood again is more effective than before circulation has been established.
- Key considerations: Ensure an adequate seal over the mouth and nose to deliver effective breaths and avoid delivering breaths too forcefully.
How to Remember CAB:
The sequence CAB is designed to be easy to remember and prioritize the most life-saving actions first. The shift to this sequence emphasizes the urgency of immediate chest compressions in cardiac arrest situations.
Remember, timely and proper CPR can significantly increase the chance of survival for someone experiencing cardiac arrest. Consider taking a CPR course to learn these life-saving skills correctly. Knowing the difference between the old ABC and the new CAB sequence is crucial for performing effective CPR and potentially saving a life.
