Amber, fossilized tree resin, captivates with its warm glow and ancient history. But the allure of this gemstone has led to a surge in counterfeits. Knowing how to distinguish real amber from imitations is crucial for both collectors and buyers. This guide will provide you with multiple methods to authenticate amber, helping you avoid costly mistakes.
What are the Common Imitations of Amber?
Before diving into identification techniques, it's helpful to understand what materials are often passed off as amber. Common imitations include:
- Plastic: Many plastics, particularly copal (a younger, softer resin), are frequently used due to their similar appearance.
- Glass: Glass can be skillfully crafted to mimic amber's color and translucency.
- Pressurized Amber: This is created by compressing amber dust or smaller pieces under high pressure, often with added resins. While technically amber, it is of lower quality and value.
- Copal: A younger resin, often mistaken for amber due to its visual similarities. It’s softer and less durable.
How to Identify Real Amber: Proven Methods
Now, let's explore the most reliable methods for authenticating amber:
1. The Saltwater Test:
This is a classic test, though not foolproof. Real amber has a lower density than saltwater.
-
Method: Mix a saturated saltwater solution (dissolve as much salt as possible in water). Place the amber piece in the solution. Real amber will float, while most imitations will sink.
-
Caveat: Some plastics might also float, so this test is best used as a preliminary screening.
2. The Heat Test (Use with Caution!):
This test requires extreme caution and should only be performed on a small, inconspicuous area.
-
Method: Gently heat a needle or pin and touch it to the amber. Real amber will give off a distinct pine-like scent (some describe it as slightly pungent). Plastics will often melt or produce a harsh, chemical smell.
-
Warning: This method can damage the amber if not done carefully. Overheating can cause cracking or discoloration.
3. The UV Light Test:
Many (but not all) types of amber fluoresce under UV light.
-
Method: Shine a UV (ultraviolet) light on the amber. Real amber may exhibit a blueish-white, yellowish, or greenish fluorescence. The intensity and color vary depending on the type of amber. However, the absence of fluorescence doesn’t automatically mean it's fake, as some amber types don't fluoresce.
-
Caveat: Some plastics also fluoresce under UV light, so this test isn't conclusive on its own.
4. Examining the Inclusions:
Real amber often contains inclusions—small insects, plant matter, or air bubbles trapped within the resin during its formation.
-
Method: Examine the amber carefully with a magnifying glass. Authentic amber often has naturally occurring inclusions that are irregularly shaped and distributed. Fake amber may have inclusions that look too perfect or uniformly placed.
-
Caveat: The presence of inclusions does not guarantee authenticity, and some fake amber may contain artificially added inclusions.
5. The Touch Test:
Real amber typically feels warm to the touch after being held for a short time. This warmth is due to its relatively high thermal conductivity.
-
Method: Hold the amber piece in your hand for a minute or two. Note the temperature. This is a subjective test, but if it feels significantly colder than other materials, it might be an imitation.
-
Caveat: This is a very subjective test and not reliable on its own.
6. Professional Appraisal:
For high-value pieces or when you need definitive authentication, seek the expertise of a qualified gemologist or amber specialist. They possess advanced equipment and knowledge to determine authenticity conclusively.
Addressing Specific Concerns:
How can I tell if amber is real or fake based on its color?
Amber comes in a wide range of colors, from honey yellow to deep red, and even sometimes almost black. Color alone cannot reliably determine authenticity. Focus on the methods described above for a more accurate assessment.
What's the difference between Baltic amber and other types of amber?
Baltic amber is particularly well-known and highly valued. While other types of amber exist, Baltic amber is often distinguished by its specific chemical composition and often a higher succinic acid content. However, the authentication methods described above apply to all types of amber.
Is there a way to test amber at home without damaging it?
The saltwater test and the UV light test are relatively safe home tests. However, remember that these methods are not foolproof, and a definitive assessment often requires professional expertise.
By using a combination of these methods, you can significantly increase your chances of identifying real amber. Remember that no single test is foolproof, and a professional appraisal is recommended for valuable pieces. This comprehensive guide will assist you in making informed decisions when buying or identifying amber.
